Paragraph Construction - ESL Writing Lesson

There are two structures to learn in English that are important in writing: the sentence and the paragraph. Paragraphs can be described as a collection of sentences. These sentences combine to express a specific idea, main point, topic and so on. A number of paragraphs are then combined to write a report, an essay, or even a book. This guide to writing paragraphs describe the basic structure of each paragraph you will write. In general, the purpose of a paragraph is to express one  main  point, idea or opinion. Of course, writers may provide multiple examples to support their point. However, any supporting details should support the main idea of a paragraph. This main idea is expressed through three sections of a paragraph: Beginning - Introduce your idea with a topic sentenceMiddle - Explain your idea through supporting sentencesEnd - Make your point again with a concluding sentence, and, if necessary transition to the next paragraph. Example Paragraph Here is a paragraph taken from an essay on various strategies required for an overall improvement of student performance. The components of this paragraph are analyzed below: Have you ever wondered why some students cant seem to concentrate in class? Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes consistently score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow students the best possible chances of success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on standardized tests. There are four sentence types used to construct a paragraph: Hook and Topic sentence A paragraph begins with an optional hook and a topic sentence. The hook is used to draw readers into the paragraph. A hook might be an interesting fact or statistic, or a question to get the reader thinking. While not absolutely necessary, a hook can help your readers begin thinking about your main idea. The topic sentence which states your idea, point, or opinion. This sentence should use a strong verb and make a bold statement. (hook) Have you ever wondered why some students cant seem to concentrate in class? (topic sentence) Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class. Notice the strong verb require which is a call to action. A weaker form of this sentence might be: I think students probably need more recreational time ... This weaker form is inappropriate for a topic sentence. Supporting sentences Supporting sentences (notice the plural) provide explanations and support for the topic sentence (main idea) of your paragraph. In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes consistently score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on academic materials. Supporting sentences provide the evidence for your topic sentence. Supporting sentences that include facts, statistics and logical reasoning are much more convincing that simple statements of opinion. Concluding sentence The concluding sentence restates the main idea (found in your topic sentence) and reinforces the point or opinion. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow students the best possible chances of success in their studies. Concluding sentences repeat the main idea of your paragraph in different words. OptionalTransitional sentencefor Essays and Longer Writing The transitional sentence prepares the reader for the following paragraph. Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on standardized tests. Transitional sentences should help readers logically understand the connection between your current main idea, point or opinion and the main idea of your next paragraph. In this instance, the phrase just one of the necessary ingredients ... prepares the reader for the next paragraph which will discuss another necessary ingredient for success. Quiz Identify each sentence according to the role it plays in a paragraph. Is it a hook, topic sentence, supporting sentence, or concluding sentence? To sum up, educators must try to ensure that students practice writing rather than just taking multiple choice tests.However, due to the pressures of large classrooms, many teachers try to cut corners by giving multiple choice quizzes.Nowadays, teachers realize that students need to actively practice their writing skills though review of basic concepts is also required.  Have you ever done well on a multiple choice quiz, only to realize that you dont really understand the topic?Real learning requires practice not just style exercises that focus on checking their understanding.   Answers Concluding sentence - Phrases such as To sum up, In conclusion, and Finally introduce a concluding sentence.Supporting sentence - This sentence provides a reason for multiple choices and supports the main idea of the paragraph.Supporting sentence - This sentence provides information about current teaching practices as a means of supporting the main idea.Hook - This sentence helps the reader imagine the issue in terms of their own life. This helps the reader become personally engaged in the topic.Thesis - The bold statement gives the overall point of the paragraph.   Exercise   Write a cause and effect paragraph to explain one of the following: The difficulties in finding a jobThe effects of technology on learningCauses of political unrestThe importance of English

Norma Rae and Labor Conflict Essay examples - 879 Words

Norma Rae and Labor Conflict Labor conflict is strongly portrayed in Norma Rae, especially since in the second half of the 20th century labor unions were taken for granted as a basic workers right (even as membership declined). Norma Rae both emphasizes the power unemployment has over the worker and shows the power that unions can have in the capitalist system. Companies want to control every aspect of the labor process because they need to make profits, and the way in which they control the labor process in Norma Rae (in an attempt to manipulate worker behavior) infringes on basic human rights. Norma Rae, however, has never behaved, and it is her strength and gumption that bring humanity (and a labor union) to the O.P. Henley Mill.†¦show more content†¦Unions are the biggest threat to the O.P. Henley factory because they give workers more control over their pay and working conditions. If a union treats all members as equals, there is less chance for arguments among workers that might give managers mor e power over a divided work force. The more power workers have through their union, the less control the managers have over the labor process (215). Norma Rae is the O. P. Henley company’s worst nightmare. She has never been a silent, accommodating worker, always complaining for worker privileges and safety, whether it be a Kotex machine in the restroom or her mother’s temporary loss of hearing. A tactic which companies use to control workers like Norma Rae is bureaucratic control; the company promotes Norma Rae to a less strenuous, better paying job in order to quiet her down, and by assigning this job, where Norma Rae is a speed up supervisor, the company actually makes more profits because Norma Rae’s position requires her to generate more work from the other employees (207). When the threat of unionization among the textile workers seems greatest, the O.P. Henley Mill manipulates the racial tensions at the mill to create divisions among the workers. Companies use discrimination and the social concept of race to stimulate and reinforce divisions among workers. (217) In this case, management threatens to hire moreShow MoreRelatedNorma Rae: Labor Unions and the Power Struggle3039 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Labor unions were established as a way for workers’ needs and grievances to be heard by management. According to Fossum (2012), â€Å"forming a union creates a collective voice to influence change at work† (p. 7). The collective voice of workers in a union holds much more power than any single employee’s voice. It can loudly draw attention to mistreatment or abuse of workers. The organized collective voice of workers demands to be treated in a fair way by its management in terms ofRead MoreEssay on Norma Rae a Labor Analysis1768 Words   |  8 PagesNorma Rae a Labor Analysis This film is based on the real life story of Crystal Lee Sutton and her involvement with Ruben Warshovsky and the organization of the textile workers at the J.P. Stevens Company in Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina (Labor Films). Sally Field plays the lead role of Norma Rae (Crystal Lee Sutton) fighting poor working conditions at O. P. Henley Company in 1978. This company is a southern textile mill, working with a union organizer to overcome pressure from management

Alzheimers Disease Develop Symptoms

Question: Describe about the Alzheimers Disease for Develop Symptoms. Answer: Alzheimers disease Alzheimers disease is referred to as a primary form of dementia, a word used to illustrate the symptoms observed when the brain is affected by a particular condition or illness (Barnes, Yaffe, 2011). Dementia is a word that depicts a set of symptoms that comprise of loss of memory and difficulties with problem-solving, thinking or language. These indicators come up after the brain is destroyed by particular infections, containing Alzheimers illness. Alzheimers is a progressive disease, which means that steadily, over instant, more parts of the brain are injured. So the brain continues to be hurt, more signs develop. The signs and symptoms also become more brutal. Objectives The goal of this assignment is to get the meaning of Alzheimers infection, how it develops plus the symptoms of the illness. Look at the steps that the illness undergoes up to the last stage. The research is going to include the causes. It will also include the background of how the disease started. Finally, a case study will be provided. Background The German neurologist Alois Alzheimer suggested that Alzheimers disease are symptoms of the illness observed when tangles and plaques build up in the brain which leads to the loss of brain cells (Alzheimer's Association, 2011). This disease is related to a specific age that mainly affects individuals over the age of 65. Additionally, the disease becomes recurrent when individuals age. In this case, the Alzheimers disease is, therefore, becoming a larger concern towards the community as a product of increasingly more aging population. In the definition of its prevalence rates, reports suggest that there is a sharp prevalence of the disease as people tend to age for the following age groups; 35-39, 60-69, 70-79, and 80-89. The degree of prevalence increases with age. Research on Alzheimers Disease Alzheimers disease initially affects the cerebral cortex which is in the brain, which leans toward the temporal, parietal and anterior lobes. It provides an enhanced understanding of the motives following symptoms and signs associated Alzheimers disease as the anterior lobe is in controls behavior, intelligence and judgment. The function of the parietal lobe is controlling language, and temporal lobe is to control memory. Also, the amygdala and hippocampus are affected by AD (Cummings, Morstorf, Zhong, 2014). They are both regions of the brain in the limbic structure and are established within the sequential medical lobe. Hippocampus has a significant function in the keeping of fresh memories in addition to spatial direction-finding. The amygdala has a significant role in the giving out of memories and arousing reactions. A brain that has Alzheimers disease can differ from enormously atrophic to shut to usual(see appendix 1). After atrophy is there in brain, it actively affects the cerebral cortex by a simplified allocation, yet in several issues, it may choose out regions like the amygdala, hippocampus, in addition to the medical chronological lobe. Still, problems which usually illustrate severely simplified atrophy happen in the issues of AD so as to have an untimely beginning of signs as contrasting to the issues developing presently in time (Birks, Grimley, 2015). The initial clinical symptoms observed in AD are memory lapses and a lot of difficulties in finding the exact words. As Alzheimers symptoms develop, the patient may turn to be more bewildered, frequently forgetting places, names, recent events, and appointments. There will be cases of abrupt mood swings which become apparent to patients wavering linking sad/angry as well as frustrated/scared habitually at their failure of memory. With time, patients become more reserved with communication problems and less confidence. Patients develop problems with recollecting the short term memory and long-te rm. For instance, an individual suffering from this disease may not recall what she did ten years ago, still may not be in a position recall what she did in the morning like what she ate for breakfast. The reason behind this loss of memory is due of the harm that has occurred towards the hippocampus along with its function in the keeping of fresh memories. AD is an illness that regularly goes along with an extreme trait process, which has quickly particular medical steps. The medical stages of AD have been internationally arranged into seven steps, which vary as of familiarity to harsh AD. These steps are: Step 1: It is standard a patient is liberated from any signs and signs that may reason to behavioral and cognitive deterioration. Step 2: Normal elderly poor memory- At this stage the patient, regularly complains that he or she cannot remember where they kept items or, remember names, compared to how they were five years ago as well as having problems getting the exact word when speaking. Such symptoms are easily noticed by family and friends of the individual (Norton, Matthews, Barnes, Yaffe, Brayne, 2014). For example, in the case where the patient cant recall the name of her close friend, the family notices such a problem and should take her for check up. Step 3: Gentle cognitive destruction - At this step, individuals feel insecure as they are close to perceiving the signs and symptoms. Patients resort to replicating questions perceptibly, in addition to their ability towards carrying out duties will turn out to be compromised (Barnes, Yaffe, 2011). Consequently, patients resolve involvement complex nominal and communal works, like mastering current job skillfulness or frustrations just before arranging a task to be done. Nevertheless, these signs will barely turn out to be apparent if the individual is called upon to be a leader in accomplishing a number of daily tasks. Step 4: Gentle Alzheimer's disorder - The point by which signs and symptoms turn out to be apparent to relatives and friends, along with still tolerance, as the patient begins to forget most important events like a popular public festivity or a recent relatives appointment. Furthermore, they might have problems remembering which month, day or what time it is. However, they may become unaware of the serenity they occupy. Patients start to drop the capacity to perform practical jobs and might require assistance, in forfeiting bills, preparing food for the relatives along with ordering foodstuff next to a caf ( Norton, Matthews, Barnes, Yaffe, Brayne, 2014). Family friends will repeatedly have just before aid out. Patients will commence befalling more reserved furthermore emotionally impassive while their cognitive arrears turn out to be apparent. Conversely, patients at this point are motionless usually competent to survive separately with a modest group of people maintenance. Step 5: Modest Alzheimer's disease - At this juncture, the patients with Alzheimers disease experiences problems that turn out to be so destructive for them, in that they are not capable of living by themselves. They will require a care-person to guarantee they stick to diet appropriately and that their investments being categorized; showing the statements. Patients with AD who are not taken care intended for in the right way may increase behavioral troubles like deviousness and irritation. The patients' remembers tribulations will approach just before the degree where they can't bear in brain meaningful current actions. They may fail to promptly remember the climate conditions , not recall their engagements and may fail to recognize the current apex principal stature of their state. Various information, like a new tasks, may be droopily detained, so that they are recalled at later times. Isolated memeory starts to experience suffering, as patients might not memorize where they might have go ne for schooling. Patients start experiencing multiple computation problems, and might not be capable of tallying downward starting 20 in 2s (Barnes, Yaffe, 2011). Patients will, as well, have vital purposeful difficulties, similar to not being competent to decide on their dressing code. Step 6: Reasonably harsh Alzheimer's disease - At this medical step, practical works applicable to daily living become so involved that patients will necessitate constant worries. Ths stage is categorized into further stages: Sub-step 1: At the junior stage patients are unable to determine and keep a keen look on attire devoid of help out. Patient determination learns to set on attire the wrong way about or within. Sub-step 2: Patient motivations encompass difficulty washing on their personal and need aid out getting the exact hotness of the bath. Sub-step 3: Through junior stage, patients resolve contain troubles concerned with lavatory issues. Patients might not know what to do with the lavatory paper or the right place to dispose it. Sub-stage 4: It starts when the patient has urinary incontinence, followed by sub-stage 5 where arrived at with fecal incontinence. Mutually troubles can be controlled with natural and proper bedding and clothing (Zlokovic, 2011). On the 6th scientific phase of the AD, the cognitive arrears turn out to be so harsh that patients are not be able to remember any current main events similar to what the climate outside. They could have difficulties in recalling their parents' names or what their occupation. They could still baffle their associated with a departed father. Nevertheless, they may live capable of bringing to mind individual's names. The patient tenacity encompass problems such immense computation troubles that they may discover it is tricky counting downward from 10. Amends in patients' acute and behavioral condition start to befall incredibly at this 6th phase. This stage is partially a response by a patient in the direction of his/her deficits. Patients will start on to fid dle in addition to speed since they are not capable of focusing on or doing any actions. Aggressive outbursts and intimidating behavior may happen and the patients may turn out to be very scared concerning being left alone, as they familiar with their incapability to take care of themselves. Step 7: Severe Alzheimer's illness - through this stage, the patient will require recurring help to go on with their daily activities. Additionally, phase 7 of AD is supplementary separated into six purposeful subordinate stages. Step 7(a): the patient will barely be able of conversing a small number of words when asked upon. Step 7 (b): In this phase, all language resolve whichever be gone or left to a single understandable word. Step 7(c): The aptitude for walking alone will be lost. Still, with appropriate worry the defeat of the facility to amble can be deferred. Patients drop the attitude to sit up suitably, devoid of facilitating in stage 7d, and will frequently need chairs amid support rests in classify to be seated up as it should be. By step 7e, the capability to gain is gone and by phase 7f patients resolve have difficulty holding their top up, lacking assist (Zlokovic, 2011). The standard position of endurance of AD deaths, within the 7th experimental phase, tends to exist connecting the subsequent stages 7c and 7d. When understanding the 7th preliminary step, patients will have the propensity to show a set of physical inflexibility, particularly in joints like the elbow. As well, the appearance of confident reactions will happen. These are responses seen in babies, except vanish when they turn out to be toddlers. Nearly all prominent are the clasp reaction, sucking impulse and the Babinski plantar reaction. The ordinary cause of bereavement in the 7th medical step is pneumonia, though; patients as well turn out to be more susceptible to heart failure, strokes, as well as tumor. The low existence expectation for patients as of analysis is seven living. Case study Mr. Williams lives with his family, two daughters and one wife. He is approximately 70 years of age and has retired from his job, so he stays at home. He is a wealthy man since his daughters have good jobs. His wife and his daughters go to work every morning so must of the time he is left alone in the house. One day his wife Mary noticed that Williams had eating problems for a long time since was eating a little amount of food than usual. It was MR. Williams duty to prepare super at home because he was the one who was left around and after making food he was eating little amount or sometimes not eating at all. Some day as his wife come from work he found that Williams was watching TV at the time he was expected to be preparing super. He saw his wife coming but still it not ring a bell in his brain that it was time to make the meal. He continued relaxing as his wife entered the door and still continued watching. His wife thought that he was tired that day and so she went to the kitche n to cook and then realized that his husband had forgotten it was time to prepare the meal. The same thing happened like for a week, and even Williams can't remember some names of his friends where he could meet with them and try to recall their names but end up forgetting completely. His wife Mary discovered that it was becoming a big problem where she called their personal doctor for check up. The doctor asked his a few questions like his name, and he could recall, but he could not remember the actual date of that day. It was surprising that Williams thought that the doctor was his classmate back in college. Some lab tests were carried out and revealed dehydration, iron deficiency and being underweight. Reflection Having researched on Alzheimers disease, it shows that this AD is a serious illness like any other and mostly it affects the elderly. There are risks factors associated with this disease like age, can be hereditary and people with certain gene infected with the disease. The disease affected mostly the brain and this result to memory lapses. When the short-term memory is affected, information remembered efficiently is hard. This condition is the worst, since when one cannot remember what he was doing and fails to complete his work, and then life can be miserable. It reaches a point where the patient cant live an independent life, and someone has to be there to take care of him. It shows that so this point, the patient can be the burden to the family and this is the reason why most people are taken to nursing homes since the family is tired of watching the patient. Conclusion In conclusion, the illness is dangerous and individuals who are affected by this disease show look for treatment. Family and friends should not stigmatize the patients since they need their help at that time. It reaches a point where the patient cant recall anything happening around. In the first stages the disease is not as severe as such, but with time, it becomes worst. They could furthermore have tribulations remembering which month, day or yet period of the time it is. However, they may be capable of recalling their present tackle or the conditions external. Isolated memory starts to experience suffering, as patients might not memorize where they go for schooling. Patients start on to extend computation problems, and cannot be capable of tallying downward from 20 in 2s. Patients start to misplace the capacity to perform practical jobs and can require assistance, in paying amounts, preparing foods for the relatives and still ordering foodstuff on a caf. Family friends will repeat edly have toward aid absent. Patients will start on in the direction of fiddle with speed, as they are not capable of focusing on or doing any actions. Aggressive outbursts and intimidating behavior may happen and the patient may turn out to be very scared concerning being left alone, as they familiar with their incapability to take care of themselves. People should put it into consideration of checking for check up if any of the symptoms of this disease is noted. References Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., ... Snyder, P. J. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimers disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimers Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's dementia, 7(3), 270-279. Alzheimer's Association. (2011). 2011 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.Alzheimer's dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 7(2), 208. Barnes, D. E., Yaffe, K. (2011). The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence. The Lancet Neurology, 10(9), 819-828. Birks, J. S., Grimley Evans, J. (2015). Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. The Cochrane Library. Blennow, K., Dubois, B., Fagan, A. M., Lewczuk, P., de Leon, M. J., Hampel, H. (2015). Clinical utility of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the diagnosis of early Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Dementia, 11(1), 58-69. Cummings, J. L., Morstorf, T., Zhong, K. (2014). Alzheimers disease drug-development pipeline: few candidates, frequent failures. Alzheimer's research therapy, 6(4), 1. Diniz, B. S., Butters, M. A., Albert, S. M., Dew, M. A., Reynolds, C. F. (2013). Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimers disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(5), 329-335. Doody, R. S., Thomas, R. G., Farlow, M., Iwatsubo, T., Vellas, B., Joffe, S., ... Siemers, E. (2014). Phase 3 trials of solanezumab for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(4), 311-321. Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Jacova, C., Hampel, H., Molinuevo, J. L., Blennow, K., ... Cappa, S. (2014). Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease: the IWG-2 criteria. The Lancet Neurology, 13(6), 614-629. Jack, C. R., Albert, M. S., Knopman, D. S., McKhann, G. M., Sperling, R. A., Carrillo, M. C., ... Phelps, C. H. (2011). Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's Dementia, 7(3), 257-262. Jonsson, T., Stefansson, H., Steinberg, S., Jonsdottir, I., Jonsson, P. V., Snaedal, J., ... Rujescu, D. (2013). Variant of TREM2 associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(2), 107-116. Heneka, M. T., Carson, M. J., El Khoury, J., Landreth, G. E., Brosseron, F., Feinstein, D. L., ... Herrup, K. (2015). Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. The Lancet Neurology, 14(4), 388-405. McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., ... Mohs, R. C. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimers disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimers Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's dementia, 7(3), 263-269. Naj, A. C., Jun, G., Beecham, G. W., Wang, L. S., Vardarajan, B. N., Buros, J., ... Larson, E. B. (2011). Common variants at MS4A4/MS4A6E, CD2AP, CD33 and EPHA1 are associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease.Nature genetics, 43(5), 436-441. Norton, S., Matthews, F. E., Barnes, D. E., Yaffe, K., Brayne, C. (2014). Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease: an analysis of population-based data. The Lancet Neurology, 13(8), 788-794. Ray, S., Britschgi, M., Herbert, C., Takeda-Uchimura, Y., Boxer, A., Blennow, K., ... Kaye, J. A. (2007). Classification and prediction of clinical Alzheimer's diagnosis based on plasma signaling proteins. Nature medicine,13(11), 1359-1362. Salloway, S., Sperling, R., Fox, N. C., Blennow, K., Klunk, W., Raskind, M., ... Reichert, M. (2014). Two phase 3 trials of bapineuzumab in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(4), 322-333. Sperling, R. A., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Bennett, D. A., Craft, S., Fagan, A. M., ... Park, D. C. (2011). Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimers disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's dementia, 7(3), 280-292. Wimo, A., Jnsson, L., Bond, J., Prince, M., Winblad, B., International, A. D. (2013). The worldwide economic impact of dementia 2010. Alzheimer's Dementia, 9(1), 1-11. Zlokovic, B. V. (2011). Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and other disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience,12(12), 723-738.

Things Fall Apart Essays (723 words) - African Writers Series

Things Fall Apart Opposites do not Attract In Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, Mr. Brown, the first missionary in Umuofia, was a kind and respectful man. Not to say that Reverend James Smith was not, but his degree of kindness and respect were present in a whole different level. They both wanted to convert the lost, all those in Umuofia that were not in the church. Mr. Brown made friends with the clan and trod softly on his faith, (pg.178) while Mr. Smith told them how things were in a harsh voice and tried to force his religion on the people of Umuofia. The impacts the two had on the people and the church were exact opposites. Mr. Brown was very firm in restraining his flock from the clan (pg. 178) and learned from talking to those within the group that a frontal attack on the clan would not succeed (pg.181). Because of this insight he gained great respect with many of the high officials. Once he was even presented with a carved elephant tusk, which was a sign of great dignity and rank (pg.179) by Akunna. With this earned admiration he was able to open not only a town store, but a hospital and a school as well. He pleaded for the clan to send their children and all others who wanted to, to attend his school. At first everyone was reluctant to explore this new option for education. Those that chose to attend Mr. Browns school would not only learn how to read and write, but they would also learn how to fight back against those that would come in and try to conquer them. With this insight and the kind gifts of singlets and towels (pg.181) from Mr. Brown, more people flooded into his school. Mr. Browns school not only taught them how to speak and read in another tongue, but from the very beginning religion and education went hand in hand (pg.182). Mr. Smith, on the other, hand was very harsh and saw things as black and white. And black was evil (pg.184). That unfortunate turn of phrase was indicative of ignorance and his attitude from the beginning toward the natives of Umuofia who were dark skinned. Under his control, or one might say lack of control, the over-zealous converts now flourished in full favor (pg. 185) causing the church and clan to meet collide to head for once and all when Enoch had killed an ancestral spirit (pg. 186). Once the egwugwu went to confront Mr. Smith for the killing of one of their members, Mr. Browns ignorance and rudeness were revealed even greater than before when he refused to leave the grounds when asked. Because of the reputation and the friendships that were built by Mr. Brown, Mr. Smith was treated with the same respect when confronted by the spirits. Unfortunately, Mr. Smith still would not go and respect the wishes of the spirits and leaders of Umuofia despite their kindness regarding the situation at hand. Although Mr. Smith stood his ground he could not save his church (pg. 191) and the hands of the egwugwu tore apart the hard work Mr. Brown put into the church in Umuofia before having to leave both physically and socially. When the church first came into town everyone was very hesitant and aloof to this new God and church. If is was not for Mr. Brown coming in first and creating the relationships the church would very doubtfully had had the chance to even build a building in the outskirts of town. If Mr. Smith has been the first to arrive at Umuofia it would have been very difficult to build any trust among the people. Because Mr. Smith danced a furious step (pg.185) among the people of Umuofia, the relationship would have undoubtedly been hard to create. It is unfortunate, though, that the people of Umuofia did not have a choice of which missionary, if any, they might have preferred to teach them the ways of the white man. Instead they were stuck with two missionaries, one of which they liked to a point, and another that they could not get rid of. Book Reports

International Trade and Investment

Patriotism and Loyalty Essays

Patriotism and Loyalty Essays Patriotism and Loyalty Essay Patriotism and Loyalty Essay After reading various examples of the word patriotism and its use in that context it seems that patriotism mostly refers to the love or emotional attachment that a person can have to their country or to where they are from or simply to the place that they were born in. While researching online for various examples of patriotism I came to find out that there are different levels of patriotism. One such example of patriotism is that practiced by those that have unconditional love for their country and will blindly follow the countries policies without opposition and will see others that opposed a certain idea as a traitor or being unpatriotic. Other groups of people demonstrate their patriotism by demonstrating it in form of certain symbols like wearing and displaying the flag, singing patriotic songs or the national anthem. There are others that show their patriotism by protesting and criticizing the unjust policies of a nation in order to help keep the nation in check and not blindly follow unjust policies. Accord to the dictionary defines loyalty as the quality of being loyal to someone or something. and loyal as giving or showing firm and constant support or allegiance to a person or institution. However many times a person’s loyalty can be in a conflict. For example if a person is loyal to the United States but the new government starts making decisions that the individual does not agree with now he can keep on following without speaking up because of his loyalty to the government as well or he can protest against poor policies because those decisions made by those in power are hurting the United States. In hi s mind he is still being loyal to the United States by protesting and help shape better policies but by others he may be seen as a traitor.

Business Statistics and Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Statistics and Application - Essay Example We need to find product of p-value and standard deviation that yields $200. Hence, ii. We need to assume that the observations are normally distributed. In addition, normal distribution is to satisfy seven requirements: (1) the graph should be bell shaped curve; (2) mean, median and mode are all equal; (3) mean, median and mode are located at the center of the distribution; (4) it has only one mode, (5) it is symmetric about mean, (6) it is a continuous function; (6) it never touches x-axis; and (7) the area under curve equals one. ii. The sample is consistent with the company’s data if and only if the policy’s time is within the sample’s control limit. Since 120 seconds is within the control limit, then the 30 days’ data is consistent with the policy. f. The toothbrush that has the best performance to price ratio is Durodont Multituft. This brand of toothbrush registered the highest performance to price ratio of 51 (performance is 51, price is %1). The worst is Oral-B Spring Ideal which charges the highest price of 4.95 but garnered a low score of 59. g. I would likely recommended Mascleans Flex Direct for consumers who want the maximum comfort and has adequate amount of money to afford the high price. The brand has a price of 3.96 but also has a high performance rating of 83%. For price sensitive consumers which wants the best value for their money, I will recommend Durodont Multituft which has the best performance to price ratio. For the average consumer, I will recommend Farmland Adult with a low price of $1.95 and performance rating of 69%. To compute for the seasonal index, we compute for the ratio of values to moving average. Afterwards, the ratio is averaged for the values during the quarter. Since there is only one value, it also serves as the quarterly seasonal index. The seasonal factor is computed as the geometric mean of the quarterly indices. The values are shown in the following table. 7. a. Simple random sampling

Postwar Urban Development in the Golden Horseshoe Research Paper

Postwar Urban Development in the Golden Horseshoe - Research Paper Example The Golden Horseshoe population is dense which makes up one fourth of the total population in Canada. The total population of the Greater Golden Horseshoe was 8.1 million individuals according to census results of 2006 (MacFarlane 65). By the year 2031, the population is projected to grow up to about 12 million (MacFarlane 66). This shows that the expected growth rate per year is about 12.5 %. However, in the urban areas there are set density targets for the urban growth. The policies enable effective urban growth with fully developed structures.   The population figure puts the Greater Horseshoe to be ranked sixth among the most populated urbanized areas in the North America. It also has a strong economy that helps in the implementation of policies effectively, especially the plans that require financial investments. In this respect, the greater Golden Horseshoe was selected to be the headquarters for the world fortune global companies approximated as five hundred in number. This has made it to be among the worlds’ most stable countries economically.Growth Plan for Urban Development Generally, proper growth plan of the Greater Golden Horseshoe was produced in 2006, where several policies for growth management of these urban centers were incorporated. The policies are useful in guiding of planning decisions on the respective urban development areas. This reflects a planning vision of the Great Golden Horseshoe, which is the central development support for the nation.  ... This has made it to be among the worlds’ most stable countries economically. Growth Plan for Urban Development Generally, proper growth plan of the Greater Golden Horseshoe was produced in 2006, where several policies for growth management of these urban centers were incorporated. The policies are useful in guiding of planning decisions on the respective urban development areas. This reflects a planning vision of the Great Golden Horseshoe, which is the central development support for the nation. The government of Ontario prepared policies on the general growth plan of Golden Horseshoe. This plan was to promote a healthy growth that covered the whole Ontario. Growth plan for Horseshoe had major aims stated as revitalization of all downtowns to be vibrant and excellent centers, provision of good housing choices, protection of greenhouse and farming lands, and creation of good infrastructural facilities through better road network among other grand plans. Some of the policies in cluded the transit promotion, walking terms in the city and demand management of transport system (MacFarlane 77). The infrastructural policies were also effective in setting up standardized buildings and road network in the urban regions. This enhanced a faster development through transportation of commodities to the market effectively, without wastage. The population has a greater influence on the selected 25 urban centers’ population. The urban planning provisions were to recognize diversity in the 25 centers. The set density target for the urban is 400 jobs and persons per hectare. If growth plan on density is realized, then the municipality can then set the new minimum

Critique paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critique paper - Essay Example honestly and courageously presents her views about the so-called positive approach to cancer as opposed to what would generally be expected from her and other patients. Ehrenreich narrates how she discovered the exaltation of cancer as something that is rather a blessing than a curse to which she strongly disagrees. Her stand about the issue is clearly reflected in the article and she cites examples from the two perspectives to drive her point and show how America has been fooled in the â€Å"positive thinking† approach. The article was written with the author appealing to readers through logical reasoning. She uses pertinent examples to give her arguments some strong backbones, making her a reliable writer. Her balanced consideration of her thoughts and other people’s claims gives an interesting quality to her work that simply grabs the reader’s attention. What makes the essay more interesting perhaps is the fact that her argument is not in unison with the more acceptable norm in the cancer community. Rather, she tries to encourage her readers to face their trials head-on, whether it is physical, financial, emotional or otherwise; through an honest emotional approach, saying that such manner is more beneficial to the person involved rather than sugar-coating and hiding the bitter realities of life. Such approaches make Ehrenreich’s argument quite strong and efficient. In the aforementioned essay, Ehrenreich states that when she was diagnosed with breast cancer, she has been reading various materials from different authors about the disease and how to cure or even cope with the struggles, especially with anger. However, she soon found out that no one seemed to share her feelings toward her sickness. Instead, she discovered that most patients and survivors offered positive attitudes toward their fate. She even observes that â€Å"The cheerfulness of breast cancer culture goes beyond mere absence of anger to what looks, all too often, like a positive embrace of

The role of goal-setting

The role of goal-setting Goal setting â€Å"If you fail to plan, you plan to fail† People once said â€Å"Winning is not everything, but wanting to win is† (Lombardi). Nothing in life can come by just wishing everyone has to work for it. Thus, how could a person work for something haphazardly? You have to know what you want to get it. (Stein) No one can live his life no matter what happens and let his life lead him not having a life plan. Everyone should have a plan for everything; a plan for the whole upcoming future. Goal planning is all what life is about; it is the core of any achieved success. Goal setting is a powerful tool, whether applied to ones urban life, personal objectives or health aspirations. In fact, goal setting can make the significant difference between success and failure. Goal setting seems to be very useful on individual and community level. Before discussing the role of goal setting and its relation to success; what is goal setting or planning? Goal setting is basically a well thought-out arrangement or course of action. It is an authentic manner for identifying what one needs to achieve whether in short the or long-term, and whether in personal life or professional career. In another words, a goal is something that is aimed at. It may be a wish or a dream that one work in advance to achieve. Goal planning is a powerful tool, whether appertained to ones personal aims, health targets or professional life. In fact, goal setting can make the significant discrepancy between success and failure. If we have a goal in life this gives our lives an aim and a purpose that takes a lot of energy, needs a lot of work, incurs a great deal of significance and act as a challenge to us. In addition, goal setting can be applied on the organizational level as there is not a successful organization with a declared strategy. From the major advantages of setting a goal is that it makes the controlling subconscious mind starts working and begins organizing the ideas and developing strategies of an assortment of ways to result in the booming accomplishment of the goal revise language and expression. In other words; â€Å"goals canalize behavior† Cummings Worley, 368). Moreover, setting a goal leads to attracting attention and focusing efforts to goal-related activities, and away from alleged undesirable and goal-extraneous actions. An example for this, is an international company like Sony, founded more than twenty five years ago, has declared its mission which was that the Japanese merchandises will be the ideal widely chosen merchandise in the United States market. They noted down their target and hung it everywhere. When the boards of directors assemble, and any member of the staff offers a plan to do something or other, the leader of the board looks at the duty hanging on the wall, and probably asks that employee, how the offered proposal is relevant to the mission. (Khaled) Now, the Japanese products are widely used among the Americans. Furthermore, having a goal helps in utilizing sources by making the best use of them. Knowing ones sources helps in evaluating them how, where and when to use them. In addition to that, defining goals allows self evaluation as it helps in determining ones drawbacks, how to solve them the good characters in ones personality and making the best use of them. Moreover, planning goals helps in bridging the gap between where the person is and where he or she wants to be. In ‘Alice in the Wonder Land. a story often told to young children, through the events, while Alice was wandering; she run in to her friend, the rabbit. At a cross road she asks the rabbit â€Å"What way should I track?† The rabbit asks her what is her destination. She replies that she does not know. The rabbit then says, â€Å"If you do not know what your destination is then follow any road, it will be the same. You must know your destination, Alice.† In addition, having a goal in life pushes anyone to be a perfectionist in his or her job, and gives a sense of responsibility, seriousness, bearing responsibility, being proactive and valuing time. By setting goals in each area of life a target is given to each one, something to aim for, something that if someone achieved would have a dramatic positive impact in his or her life. Goals give something to measure progress done against, to see if what someone is doing is moving him or her closer or further from his or her ultimate target. If the actions taken are moving someone closer to his or her target to keep doing what he or she is doing. If their actions are moving them further from their target, then they must change what they are doing so that they can move closer to their target. Goals influence persistence. When working to a plan and the positive results start to appear, a push is given to the setter so he becomes high-spirited so he or she carries on going for his or her goal. Most theories of self-regulation put emphasis on its natural link with goals. A goal reflects ones target and refers to quantity, quality, or speed of action (Locke Latham, 1990). Goal setting engages creating a regular or purpose to supply as the aspiration of ones actions. Goals are concerned through the dissimilar periods of self-regulation: consideration (setting a goal and coming to a decision on goal plans); performance managing (making use of goal-aimed at actions and scrutinizing performance); and self-suggestion (estimating ones goal development and regulating strategies to guarantee success (Zimmerman, 1998). Goals improve self-regulation through their consequences on inspiration, learning, and self-efficacy. Goals inspire people to exert effort required to meet task requirements and carry on over time. Goals can affect how people use information. Goals assist people in focusing on the mission, choose and apply suitable strategies, and keep an eye on goal development. On the community level, goal setting seems to be of great importance. For example, the problem of informal settlements actually appeared in many countries like Egypt due to lack of planning. These settlements were built haphazardly by normal people. This led to many fatal problems. There inhibiters are buried alive. They are suffering from pollution and fatal diseases as there is no sanitation. They are suffering from lack of health care and in many of these settlements there is no a pure source of pure water or electricity. Applying goal setting will really help as it will help in evaluating the problem, knowing the reasons so as to eliminate them and changing the problem in to an advantage by making the best use of sources. As people work on a plan they put side by side their present performance with the goal. Self-evaluations of development build up self-efficacy and maintain motivation. A supposed inconsistency between the current achievement and the goal possibly will generate displeasure, which can improve exerted effort. Although discontent is capable of leading to giving up, this will not occur if people believe they have the chance to succeed such as by modifying their plan or looking for assistance. Goal achievement builds self-efficacy and guides people in going for new, challenging goals. While working with learners and customers it may be essential in the beginning to dole out goals while at the same time training them on goal-setting strategies. As people become skilled at setting down-to-earth goals we may expect that self-set goals would create higher self-efficacy and improved self-regulated performance than consigned goals because they will be dedicated to reaching their goals and feel s uccessful about doing so. Possibly one of the most instant effects of goal setting is the satisfaction one feel when he or she sets a goal, sticks to a plan, and achieve it. One only is required to do this just the once to know that the achievement and satisfaction he or she gain from attaining his or her goals is a strong method for persistent to, and relying on, strong goal-setting techniques and methods over and over And, once one starts planning for his or her goals and accomplishing them, he or she will promptly become aware of an improvement in his or her confidence level, which will possibly have a positive impact on every area of his or her life. In working to accomplish ones goals, one will also soon have better understanding of his or her strength, while at the same time developing a stronger sense of achievement, one that develop with every single goal attained. One should believe in his goal so strongly and constantly with all his senses and abilities. His belief in his goal must be similar to Pro phet Muhammads (SAWS) when he assured to his uncle, â€Å"I swear, uncle, if they put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left hand for me to leave the message of Islam, I will not until Allah upholds it or I die for its sake.†(Khaled, 3) Goals are also an important tool for administrators since goals have the ability to be used as a self-regulatory mechanism that attain an employee a certain amount of assistance. Thus, there is not a successful organization with a declared strategy. Some people believe that one possible negative aspect of goal planning is that understood learning may be stopped. This is because goal setting may encourage simple focus on a result without directness to exploration, understanding or development. However, when goals are achieved at an organizational level and from then on solely given up, employee enthusiasm with regard to accomplishing these goals is to a certain extent suppressed. In addition, the goals of an individual employee may perhaps come into direct clash with the employing organization. In an organization, a goal of a chief may not adjust to the goals of the organization as a whole. Without allying goals involving the organization and the individual, performance may undergo some troubles. Furthermore, for compound tasks, goal-setting may really weaken performance. In these situations, an individual might become preoccupied with achieving the goals, more willingly than performing tasks. Fear of failure is one of the biggest obstacles that you must overcome to have a truly fulfilling life. Most people never set goals because of the fear of failure, and the fear of the unknown. When practiced inadequately, however, goal setting also has a severe disadvantage which can weaken ones success. Inaccurate goal setting makes people pessimistic, wastes their time and promotes misunderstanding about where to focus actions and energy. Goal setting, carried out poorly, inconsiderately, or for the mistaken reasons, can have a considerable negative impact on both people and organization business strategy. Organizations are often unsuccessful to achieve goals and intentional planning goals that are set top down, by decision-makers who lack fundamental information and are out of touch with organization disputes. The goals are improbable and they fail to regard as association resources and abilities. Workforce members do not think that the bonus they will be rewarded for goal achievement will be the same as the energy they spend to attain them. Commonly, administrators are anxious when they alarm job loss for breakdown. Moreover, too many goals make nothing a priority. Peo ple with too many goals experience these problems. They by no means feel as if they achieve an entire task. It is easier said than done to link their goal achievement to a reward and credit system that recognizes their achievements. They do not identify what is most essential to carry out next. They fall victim to the check it off the list condition where they check tasks of their list before the procedures have been incorporated by the association. Goal setting is an encouraging powerful, business performance when it tells the staff where he is going. Successful goal setting also demonstrates what accomplishment will appear like for the period of the journey and upon influx. When practiced badly, however, goal setting can unconstructively impact any organization in all the ways discussed, and more. There are some essential conditions for any goal: The goal must be comprehensible, definite and assessable, not unclear or uncertain. An example: if ones goal is to serve Muslims, this is not a specific or a measurable goal. This theory is derived from scientific books. The goal should include two elements: being determined and sensible at the same time. For instance: if a scholar says, â€Å"My target is to pass my high school tests,† it is not a goal; since it is typical that everybody should want to pass. His or her goal should be, â€Å"I would like to accomplish so and so, my wish is to be a valedictorian, to win the Noble Prize, to get a PHD.† A goal should be motivated and sensible at the same time. It is not supposed to be a fancy. The goal should not be a self-interested selfish one, but it should be heading for towards helping the society. A selfish goal is a short term goal. A person might want to have a great company for him and so the company was built, but what is next? One day he will retire. That is why ones goal should be directed to the benefit of society. In that case, ones life will end but his or her goals will not so this is a great aspiration and the vital goal. The more ones goals are directed towards pleasing Allah (SWT) and his or her countrys success, the greater the goals will be. There are some aspects that anyone would need in order to achieve the planned goal, in particular the psychological qualities anyone would basically be in need of to reach the desired goal: First of all hope and optimism are very important . One should always be hopeful and optimistic. Being pessimistic will destroy any progress as a pessimistic person will always think that there is no hope so why should she or he work and exert effort it will be the same. On the other hand, an optimistic person will never lose hope. Moreover, patience, patience, patience. One has to be patient, and never give up hope or hurry. The problem is that youth try once or twice and when he or she fails they despair and say, â€Å"There is no use, I tried many times and I failed. Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) tried with Arab tribes for twelve years, before he succeeded and went to live in Madinah. He tried twenty six times. On the community level, goal setting seems to be of great importance. For example, the problem of informal settlements actually appeared in many countries like Egypt due to lack of planning. These settlements were built haphazardly by normal people. This led to many fatal problems. There inhibiters are buried alive. They are suffering from pollution and fatal diseases as there is no sanitation. They are suffering from lack of health care and in many of these settlements there is no a pure source of pure water or electricity. Applying goal setting will really help as it will help in evaluating the problem, knowing the reasons so as to eliminate them and changing the problem in to an advantage by making the best use of sources. It is note worthy to mention the role of goal setting in solving the education problem in Egypt. The problem of education originates from the fact that there is no proper goal setting as the curriculum does not meet the market demands. Proper goal planning will help in assessing the current syllabus, changing the drawbacks and making the best use of its advantages; it will help in education reform. To sum up, Setting goals, getting a plan, and staying focused equals success. Without goal setting, a person wont be able to make a difference in his or her life. He or she wont be able of enjoying success or feeling sorry for a failure. He or she will be a person with no goal to achieve; and no life to live. Goal setting can change a zero value resource turn into a 100 % value resource!

Initiation and Maturity in John Updike A&P

In John Updike’s short story â€Å"A&P†, the main character, Sammy, is a young man working for a grocery store over the summer. When he is confronted by a trio of young women shopping the store wearing nothing but their bathing suits, Sammy is keenly interested, as any male teenager would be.He realizes that, in a small town grocery store in the 1960s, such attire is not socially acceptable, yet his hormones dictate that he follow their every move with his eyes and contemplate the adverse reaction of others in the store.â€Å"A&P† is a story about initiation into adulthood because by standing up for the girls against his boss’s rudeness, Sammy finds his own voice for the very first time. He realizes he is entitled to his own opinion, and that rebelling against authority figures brings personal satisfaction, but it will also be difficult for him to be complacent in other jobs in the years ahead.At nineteen, Sammy is old enough to know what society expects f rom him but he is also young enough to feel a sense of dissatisfaction with the dictates of his elders. As he thinks when Lengel is chastising the girls, â€Å"Policy is what the kingpins want. What the others want is juvenile delinquency† (Updike, 35).In other words Lengel is the kingpin, in control of the policy, while Sammy is part of â€Å"the others† who merely want a glimpse of a girl’s anatomy not normally revealed. It is Sammy’s view that his boss’s policy is without merit and he tells Lengel so. This is a defining moment in Sammy’s life in that it is the first time he defends his beliefs, which are contrary to authority, by clearly stating his own opinion.Sammy also finds some satisfaction in rebelling against his boss. He wants his statement, â€Å"I quit† (Updike, 35) to be heard by everyone in the store – his co-worker, the girls, the other patrons. In this way, he can make a rather dramatic exit and prove he is in control of his own life. The idea of being a rebel appeals to Sammy. He wants to shout his newfound maturity to the world; he wants to see everyone’s reaction to this initiation into adulthood.Sammy does two things which allow him to grow during the course of the story – he states his opinion and he acts in a rebellious manner. He has a realization regarding â€Å"how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter† (Updike, 36) and it is this which best expresses his maturity and signifies the beginning of his initiation into adulthood.Work CitedUpdike, John. â€Å"A & P.† Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Robert DiYanni. 6th ed. Boston: Mc Graw Hill, 2007. 32-36.   

Philip Crosby Essay

Philip Crosby was born on June 18th, 1926. He was a successful businessman and a famous author who added so much to the practice of quality management and also the management theory. Philip Crosby started the Zero defect plan at the company in Orlando Florida which was the Martin Company. As manager of Quality control at a program of Pershing Missile, Philip Crosby was accredited with a 25% decline in the general rate of rejection and a 30% rate of decline in the costs of scrap. After working at ITT, Philip opened a management consultancy firm in 1979 and naming it Philip Crosby Association. His consultancy firm offered quality management educational courses at the head office in Winter Park, Florida and also at 8 overseas locations. Later in 1979 Philip Crosby published his very first book based on business, Quality is free. This book became an instant hit due to the severe problems in the North American Quality.   Through out the 1970s and 80s the manufacturers of North America were losing ground on the market share to the products of Japan only because the quality of the japenese products were much better then the North American Products. The reply to the quality problem by Philip Crosby was the rule of DIRFT (doing it right the first time). Later he added 4 more essential principles Conformance to neccessities is the true meaning of quality Avoidance is the structure of quality Zero defects is the standard of performance The cost of nonconformance is the size of quality (SkyMark, 2007) The recommendation of improving quality by Philip Crosby was a program of fourteen steps. His conviction was that a corporation which initiates a quality maintaining program will definitely see more saving rather than paying off the quality program cost. Fourteen Steps to Improve Quality The organization is dedicated to maintain quality Make teams who improve quality. Bring all senior managers from different departments. Evaluate processes to decide potential and current issues of quality. Evaluate the price of poor quality Lift the awareness of quality among all of the employees Take necessary action to correct the issues of quality Check quality improvement progress. Make a committee to check zero defects. Teach the managers in improving quality Have days of zero defects Support the workers to initiate their own goals of improving quality Support the communication among employees with the senior managers about the barriers to quality Be familiar with the effort of the participants Make councils of quality Do it again. Improving quality never stops. The Approach of Philip Crosby widened as he included new improvement ideals. He talks about the 5 different traits of a successful company Normally people do things correctly the first time Change is predictable and is used as a benefit Growth is steady and beneficial Fresh services and products emerge when required All of the workers are pleased to work. (Philip Crosby, 1995) In the approach of Philip Crosby, the message of Quality Improvement needs to be spread by making a hub of quality experts in the organization. He strongly emphasized on the approach of top-down, as he thought that the upper management is mainly responsible to improve and maintain quality.   The main aim is to teach the staff and offer them the quality improving tools and to apply the fundamental principle of Prevention Management in each and every part. He Died on August 18, 2001. (Winter Park Public Library) Bibliography SkyMark (2007) Philip Crosby: The Fun Uncle of the Quality Revolution. http://www.skymark.com/resources/leaders/crosby.asp Philip Crosby (1995) Philip Crosby’s Reflections on Quality: 295 Inspirations from the World’s Foremost Quality Guru, Publisher: McGraw-Hill; 1 edition Winter Park Public Library, the Philip Crosby Collection. http://www.wppl.org/wphistory/PhilipCrosby/index.html =

Where In The World Is CoSchedule Its Kind Of A BIG Deal... #OverheardAtCoSchedule - CoSchedule Blog

Where In The World Is Its Kind Of A BIG Deal... Blog When Kathryn and Nathan  host webinars, they usually kick things off by asking you gals and guys: Where are you from? Whats the weather like there? That probably has a lot to do with the kinds of conversations they have at the office, with their friends, and when they chat with family. Because  talking about the weather is pretty typical around here. And when  Kathryn and Nathan share  where the two offices are located, a lot of you are really surprised. So we want  to share the story with you about where we are why we LOVE it here and how its been a massive strategic advantage for (and therefore, a big win for our customers, too). Where in the world IS ? Its probably not  where  youd expectIn this video, Im chatting with Shannon Wiedman, s UI/UX Design Lead. Shannon grew up + loves it here, and she has some BIG things to share with you about  s home state. Youll also learn to start where you are with your business dreams (and how that can help YOU succeed, too). Subscribe to receive videos in your inbox: //

Batman- the Perfect Role Model

Batman- the Perfect Role Model America's fascination with comic books and cartoons filled with superheroes has created an empire of almost epic proportions. Upon my arrival in America, two of the myriad of comic book characters on offer immediately captured my attention, - Batman and Superman. I was informed by those "in the know" that Superman is the greatest superhero there is, and Batman never seems to get enough credit. After watching a great number of Batman and Superman cartoon episodes respectively, I reached the conclusion, that Superman's reputation is somewhat unfounded. Personally, I believe, that there is overwhelming evidence to support the contention that in fact Batman, who by the way, is a regular human, should be considered at least on par with Superman. It is imperative to my contention to analyze the origins of both superheroes, their reputations and their superpowers.Shortly before the explosion of the planet of Krypton, a baby Superman was evacuated to Earth by his parent's.SmallvilleHe lived on a farm in Smallville with his adopted parents, who named him Clark, and raised him as their own. As he grew, under the Earth's yellow sun, he started to gain amazing powers. His Kryptonian body absorbed the sun's yellow rays (as opposed to Krypton's red sun) giving him super-strength and invulnerability, among other awesome powers. Upon coming of age Clark resolved himself to the necessity of using his powers to fight crime in the city of Metropolis. There, he created his alias Clark Kent - a reporter, to mask his true identity. He terrified his enemies and amazed the citizens of Metropolis.It goes without saying, that Superman is in fact a great superhero. He certainly does a phenomenal job fighting crime and protecting the people of Metropolis. However, the truth that "Clark Kent, also known as Superman...

Organismic Responses to Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organismic Responses to Climate Change - Essay Example n corals are highly affected by the impacts and effects that result from high sea temperatures and the increased acidification that may affect the ocean waters as an effect of the climate change. These corals therefore experience bleaching and contract diseases, which in most cases often lead to their death (Parmesan, Camille, Michael, Carlos, Elvira, Anthony, David, and Michael, 2013, p 59). The Ringed Seal face challenges f reproduction because of climate change. This is due to the melting of the ice blocks that are their habitats and their breeding paces. This particular effect of climate change is majorly experienced in the Arctic region environment (Doney, Scott , Mary, Emmett, James, Francis, Chad, Heather et al, 2012, p 21). The leatherback turtle are also highly affected by the increased sand temperatures that distorts the egg incubation period hence leading to a lower male population being hatched. Moreover, their natural habitat where the turtles nest on the beaches is washed away due to the increase and rise in the seal levels, high and increased ocean and air temperatures (Parmesan, Camille, Michael, Carlos, Elvira, Anthony, David, and Michael, 2013, p 60). Emperor penguins are highly affected by the rise in the sea temperatures and melting ice blocks. It therefore makes it difficult for them to get food and disrupts their breeding patterns. It therefore can contribute to their gradual extinction environment (Doney, Scott , Mary, Emmett, James, Francis, Chad, Heather et al, 2012, p 25). Quiver Trees are highly affected by the extreme drought incidents, which majorly affects the equator parts where they are distributed. There population is gradually decreasing. These species of plants therefore becomes a representation of plants and other vegetation that struggle to keep up with the accelerated effects of climate change (Parmesan, Camille, Michael, Carlos, Elvira, Anthony, David, and Michael, 2013, p 60). The habitats of Clownfish, which are coral

Womens Sex Appeal vs. Mens Sex Appeal Research Paper

Womens Sex Appeal vs. Mens Sex Appeal - Research Paper Example For example, Western society is inundated with sexually-explicit materials in many advertising formats as a means of gaining male or female devotion to a particular product or service. Depending on the imagery and the market, whether male or female, it can often create a stimulus response that ultimately leads to higher sales volumes for the product. In Asia, visual representations of partially-clothed men and women are much less common based on regulatory presence or stern, traditional cultural beliefs on sexuality. The most common similarity between men and women, when determining sex appeal, is based on physical appearance and not biological factors, such as chemical pheromone response. Advertising and the development of a liberal culture related to sex seem to be the most important factors that have created the modern view of sex appeal in both men and women. THE FEMALE VIEW Men clearly consider the importance of female sex appeal which is evident with the high volume of sexually -explicit materials that sell annually to male audiences. It is also evident with the large amount of advertising that is constructed and promoted to male consumers depicting women in various sexual postures. However, women seem to have a distorted view of their own sex appeal that might well be a product of advertising. The company Victoria’s Secret, a lingerie company specializing in underwear products (bras and panties), uses very slender and fit models in their on-air advertising and print promotions as a means of gaining consumer attention for the female market. One might automatically think that this type of advertising would be more effective for male consumers rather than female buyers considering the imagery used depicts same-gender models dressed in scant Victoria’s Secret products. However, women have a distorted view of sex appeal when measuring themselves to the models displayed in this type of advertising. They think, â€Å"Wow, she looks awesome. I shou ld get that outfit so I can look that good too† (Blair, Stephenson, Hill & Green, 111). Why is this? Where most Victoria’s Secret products are sold, the cultures are liberal and Westernized where this type of advertising is acceptable at the social level. The high volume of companies that use this type of advertising, realizing how women view themselves in proportion to more sleek and toned models, continue to reinforce that this is the pinnacle of modern beauty and that women should actively seek to model these images. It is not, then, so much a product of personal or biologically-borne belief that this is the highest aesthetic of beauty, it is a product of engrained cultural imagery depicting slender women that has become a cultural norm related to beauty. Though there are some companies that defy this symbolic view of beauty by using larger, fuller models, the majority of sexually-oriented imagery continues to reinforce the slender form as the most ideal model for wo men to strive to achieve. Advertising such as Victoria’s Secret give women a goal to achieve related to beauty as it is a somewhat armored cultural belief that has remained durable over the past several decades. Thus, when a woman is asked what constitutes sex appeal in another woman, it is likely they will draw on these slender models as a guide and proclaim that female sex appeal is akin only to the type of women portrayed in this type of advertising and television or print imagery. In other cultures, such as in Asia, â€Å"women are very comfortable with being women and they are comfortable with their own sexuality† (Kautzky, 20). Women in Singapore were asked whether they ever purchased sexy

ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment Example Power can be divided into five categories. The types of power may therefore include reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power and referent power. The proportions of the powers can differ in managers depending on aspects such as experience, age, expertise, skills among others. Therefore, although Bill Thompson might possess all the types of the powers, their proportion greatly differs. For instance, Yukl points out that even though the base salaries of the employees are set by the company, Bill can play a major role in influencing the â€Å"size of an employee’s annual merit rise† (521). Bill therefore possesses high amount of reward power, since he can influence the performance of employees by increasing their annual merit rise. In addition, Bill also possesses legitimate power. Bill has the ability to decide on whether to suspend or fire the employees who are performing poorly in the organization. However, he needs the approval of the regional manager to do so. This therefore implies that Bill does not possess full legitimate power since the decision to suspend and fire employees is also dependent on another person. Comparatively, Bill also has high levels of expert power. The decisions concerning the store arrangement and price assortment are determined by the headquarters office (Yukl 521), however, Bill can exercise his expertise to influence or affect the store performance to a limited extend. This implies that Bill’s expertise power is limited to his area of work. Managers could employ the use of many different tactics to influence their employees. How a manager relates with the employees could be an important factor on the success or failure of an organization. Managers can use strategies such as constructive feedback, behavior molding, and reviewing performance, among others to influence the performance of employees. Bill

Meaning of Life and Yoga Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Life and Yoga Essay Celebrity Yoga: Is this just a fad? Yoga has become a very popular exercise among people all across the world. Celebrities are also adopting this practice in order to strengthen their bodies. Celebrities and yoga has been a winning combination for quite some time in America, and more and more people are beginning to at least try yoga because their favorite celebrities are trying it. Celebrities that do yoga are making the practice more popular. Yoga industry in the United States has grown considerably since many celebrities have admitted to practicing yoga on a regular basis. Here are some things you will want to know about celebrities and yoga that may help you to decide whether or not you want to try yoga for yourself. What do celebrities have to say about yoga? Celebrities like Meg Ryan, Jennifer Anniston, Ricky Martin, and Madonna have all admitted to using yoga as a means to calm the spirit, tone the muscles of the body, and increase physical strength. Many people also say that yoga gives a personal sense of accomplishment, and that it is easier to handle rigorous demands of the day by practicing yoga Yoga is also designed to help people learn about the meaning of life. Yoga allows you to train your mind to think about positive things, and you are also able to think about how to solve problems and even get along well with others. You are also taught about how certain yoga principles should transfer into your daily life, such as learning how to do everything in the right time, or being patient with others. It is also believed the yoga will give you a higher tolerance for pain. One of the most important factors which cause the heart disease is depression. Tachycardia and other disturbances are caused due to this depression. Rhythm of the heart is altered due to tachycardia and other disturbances. Long-lasting or repetitive state of depression will make a considerable damage to the heart and enhances the chance of getting heart attacks. Yoga is an effectual solution against all sorts of stress since it can enhance the level of GABA (gamma amino butyric acid), a neurotransmitter in our brain which is correlated to depression when it is in supplied lesser in the brain. After one session of yoga the level of GABA gets increased.

Evaluation Essays- Ruff Ryders And Cash Money Millionaire Concert :: essays research papers

Grade B+ Evaluation Essay Ruff Ryders and Cash Money Millionaires   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This concert was held on Thursday March 2, 2000. Some of the hottest rap and r&b artists included in this mix were DMX, Juvenile, Ruff Ryders, Drag On, Hot Boyz, Eve, The Lox, Lil Wayne, Big Tymers, and B.G. It was hosted at the Marine Midland Arena in Downtown Buffalo. Tickets ran anywhere from $40.00 to $55.00 for the five hour long show.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wait to get in was some what frightening due to a check point like station everyone had to be searched at. Police and security guards patted each and everyone down for drugs, weapons, and what ever else they could try and stop. After the long wait to get in you found your seat and waited for the group who was first. You would figure that know one would be doing any drugs due to the search before you got in there, but I was wrong not even ten minutes before the show you could smell the pot in the air. That was one of the few things wrong with this wild and crazy concert. After it was over that was all you smelled like and you were feeling the contact buzz as it felt like things were moving in slow motion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DMX opened the concert with one of his greatest songs â€Å"It’s All Good†. All the ladies in the place were going wild when he yelled, â€Å"where my ladies at!† while he then tore off Mike Barr  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  page 2 his shirt and threw it in the crowd. DMX’s time on the stage was incredible his voice was sounding good in concert unlike most rappers voices. As the night passed on the music was turned up a couple notches. All of the groups were sounding good until it got to Eve. This young lady singer is nice to here on the radio with her vocals tuned to perfection, but in concert it was horrible and the crowd was going from crazy to just about silent. Juvenile was the last rapper to finish the (what felt like short) concert. By the time he came up there the music was so loud you couldn’t here the guy sing. You would be singing along because you know the words and when the bass, of the beat of the song kicked in you couldn’t hear him singing. One of his top songs â€Å"Back That Ass Up† drove the crowd nuts as some of ladies in the crowd became topless and started shaking there booties. But when you could here him he sounded excellent. By the time the whole thing was over you

Google Search Essay

What are the company’s key resources and competitive capabilities? What competitive liabilities and resource weaknesses does it have? What opportunities exist? What threats to its continued success are present? The key resources and competitive capabilities of the search industry are due to the huge company’s success. For instance, Google gains the trust of users through reliable, accurate searches and a clear distinction of upfront advertisements in searches. Therefore, the online business user’s can do their work in minimum physical locations and lower fixed cost. These locations is fully utilized as they maximize the creativity and being in high-spirit for their working environment. The employees are hired selectively amongst some of the greatest minds in technology and related fields, and are given the tools, freedom, and encouragement to be innovative and fulfilled by their job. Several iconic features of Google remain unparalleled, including their extensive Google Earth and Google Maps capabilities, archetypal YouTube video streaming, and Google Search Appliances that allow other companies to feature Google search bars within their own sites. Being a leader in the search industries, Google is also has a few number of weaknesses. These could have serious implications on the future of their business as such the low revenue that is acquired from YouTube represents a lost opportunity for such a large online presence. Their grasp on the comprehensive social networking market is far behind those of their competitors. And while they remain an industry leader, their international reach in emerging markets such as China leave much to be desired and acquired. The rapid growth in search industries which revolving around technology and the Internet turns out of giving many opportunities to Google currently and in the near future. For example, the Internet and mobile advertising growth lead the way for increasing importance of Search Engine Optimization for marketers. More data on users becomes more readily available using data collected from searches and Chrome. Possibly the most important up-and-coming necessity for innovative companies such as Google is the  availability for users to have all of their information in one account through cloud computing. Being in such a competitive and fast moving environment will comes together with the threats to the firms. Companies who are leaders in their industry in avenues Google has attempted to take, such as Facebook for social networking, Microsoft Office for word processing, and Weather.com for detailed weather reports, make finding a stronghold in such ventures very difficult. Users who are already fully integrated are unlikely to switch, and may be hesitate to have their personal information in multiple locations. Cloud computing poses a serious threat to possible hacking and identity theft, since a single set of login information could allow access to a multitude of facets of personal information. The ethical concern in the minds of many consumers regarding the ability of companies to track user viewing habits hurts users’ trust in Google, and is characterized in the blocking habits of Explorer and Firefox. Without access to this information however, the full potential of selective online advertising cannot be reached. Google must also confront substitute services as they arise, so that their main competitive advantage in search specialization is not replicated. In addition, they must be aware of any intellectual property rights laws that may be passed in the near future so as not to impede onto the service they provide.

Kennedy vs. Nixon Essay

â€Å"Peace,† the overall message is about experience and knowing what to do during though times. Nixon’s campaign tried to convey this seriousness by shooting its commercials of Nixon perched on a desk and speaking directly to the camera. In JFK’s 1960 â€Å"Debate,† political ad, he addresses the people in a snappier way, and by â€Å"facing the issues squarely. † However, neither of the candidates’ ads was about issues; rather, they were more contrast in styles. The messages focused on the era as a dangerous time; it was really an election about change versus experience. In Kennedy’s ad, he expresses his ideas directly, specifically, and offers â€Å"new American leadership for the country. † His tone is very magnetic and appealing, and it is quite pleasing to an American to hear that Kennedy thinks that America is a great country, but â€Å"it could be a greater† one. Whereas Nixon speaks with such composure and a serious-minded tone in his ad, it almost seems he is not excited (or even cares) to be there. The way Kennedy carries himself while giving speeches is an especially confident, poised, and self-assured one, so much that he even comments on whether if people think that America was doing everything satisfactorily, that he agreed with them, that they â€Å"should vote for Nixon†! Furthermore, on the Kennedy-Nixon debate, Kennedy appeared looking â€Å"tanned, confident, and vigorous,† while Nixon was â€Å"wearing no make up and a light-colored suit that blended into the background looking exhausted and pale, and sweated profusely. Also, Mr. Nixon’s tone is exceedingly formal, thus making him look a tad bit uncharismatic, (unlike his likable contender). His way of speaking directly to the camera and giving detailed answers to an offscreen speaker, presented him â€Å"as a though, experienced leader able to stand up to the Communists. † In general, while Nixon was not as charismatic and pleasant as JFK, he was a seasoned, experienced, and mature leader ready to stand up to Khrushchev. Moreover, Nixon kept arguing that while Khrushchev was a â€Å"cold, hard, ruthless man,† that we won’t â€Å"be coerced, that we will not tolerate being pushed around,† that he’d continue to â€Å"deal with Communism and the Soviet leaders†¦firmly, and always with vigilance. † In contrast, Kennedy attempted to turn his youth into an advantage, proclaiming in his acceptance speech at the Democratic Convention, â€Å"We stand today on the edge of a new frontier. †

Laocoon and His Sons

Laocoon and His Sons Laocoon and His SonsLaocoon and His Sons, also known as the Laocoon Group, is among one of the most well recognized ancient sculptures of all time. Carved from white marble and measuring close to eight feet in height, the large statue dates back to the first century B.C. and continues to be a hot topic for debate, for it is unknown as to whether the sculpture is an original or Roman copy. Pliny the Elder, an ancient Roman author from the first century B.C., admired the work and attributed it to three Greek sculptors from the island of Rhodes - Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros. The sculpture depicts the Trojan priest Laocoon, along with his two sons Antiphantes and Thymbraeus, being strangled by deadly serpents summoned by the sea god Poseidon. The story and sculpture of Laocoon and his sons has undergone much scrutiny throughout the years, for there have been several different versions that tell of Laocoon's ultimate demise.Laocoà ¶n and his sons, also known as the Laocoà ¶n ...According to Homer's interpretation of the Trojan War, the Greeks came up with a clever plan which involved hiding their troops in a massive wooden horse outside the city of Troy as a peace-offering to the goddess Athena. Laocoon became suspicious of the mysterious offering, thereby he advised the Trojans not to accept the horse and instead destroy it. Disregarding the warnings Laocoon had uttered, the Trojans brought the horse into Troy. This eventually resulted in the city's defeat, for the Greeks snuck out a secret door that evening and slaughtered the Trojans. In an attempt to flee the city, Laocoon and his sons were strangled and killed by sea serpents sent by the angered god Poseidon. The statue depicts the three men as this event unfolds.On January 14, 1506, the statue of Laocoon and His Sons was...

buy custom Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome essay

buy custom Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome essay Munchausen syndrome by proxy, abbreviated as MSbP, is a term devised by a Professor of Pediatrics Roy Meadow in 1977, who named the syndrome after a German horse soldier Baron von Munchausen (1720-1797) that was famous for his widely stagy and feigned stories. Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP), also known in the United Kingdom as Fabricated or Induced Illness by Carers (FII), is a form of fictitious disorder of mental sickness in which a person behaves in a manner that suggests a need of another individual of being taken care of when there is no such a necessity in fact, and is explained by a mental or physical health condition of the first one (Parnell Day, 1998). The adult with MSbP unswervingly fabricates and imposes the illnesses on another person under his/her care, mostly a minor one under the age of the 6 years. This act is considered as a method of abuse by the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. Parents with MSbP usually have an inward desire for their children to be seen as sick or hurt. MSbP persons do this not in order to achieve any tangible benefit, as a financial gain, for example. They are willing to subject the patient or child to agonizing and risky examinations, or operations so that people could sympathize with them and treat with a special attention, which is usually given to the family, whose members are really sick (Parnell Day, 1998). Factitious ailments are classified into four major categories: (1) those with mostly psychological signs, (2) those with physical signs, (3) those with both the psychological and the physical signs, and (4) those that do not fit the situations of the above three types (Matthews, 2004). The forth category includes MSbP, which is, fortunately, very rare, as it happens with 2 out of 100,000 children. Keywords: Munchausen syndrome by proxy, fabricated or induced illness by carers, fictitious disorder, mental sickness, mental health condition, physical health condition Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome Literature Review MSbP is usually very difficult to diagnose, which makes it a reason why many children die before doctors comprehend what the child has been undergoing. Similarly, a treatment and a complete understanding of the causes of Munchausen Syndrome are limited. For this reasons, it is imperative to raise the awareness of MSbP among people, and to ensure that children will no more become victims of a fabricated illness and, consequently, death caused by their own parents or caregivers (Gregory, 2003). This syndrome is considered as a criminal offense of one of the forms of a child abuse, requiring the prompt actions of the child protection services. This syndrome can result in the severe short- or long-term consequences, including the persistent abuses of the child, multiple hospitalizations, and what is worse the fetal outcomes of the victims (Eminson Postlethwaite, 2000: Shannon, 2009). In some cases, a victim of a physical, psychological and emotional abuse may learn to associate the receiving of attention with a state of being sick, thus develops Munchausen syndrome himself or herself (Matthews, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to study and analyse the behavior and motivation of perpetrators suffering from MSbP/ FIIC, namely: why and how the disorder manifests through the symptoms; which characteristics has parents with the disorder; the legal issues associated with the disorder under the assistance of the criminal psychologists; the treatment and interventions that it requires (Allison Roberts, 1998). Who Perpetrates the MSbP/ FIIC? MSbP perpetrated by mothers. A bigger percentage of MSbP or FIIC is observed among mothers mostly, though, it may be experienced by fathers in isolated cases as well. The mothers purposely hurt their own children, or describe symptoms of the imaginary disease, so that they could get the attention which is majorly given to family members of a sick person. Someone who has MSbP mostly use the numerous hospitalizations instances as a method of gaining praises from the other people for their dedication to the care of the child. Finally, they tend to exploit the ill child in order to develop an affiliation with the doctors or other health care providers. The person suffering from MSbP ordinarily does not depart from the bedside of the patient, and deliberately feign the signs of a deep concern to prove that he or she is a good caregiver. Sometimes the signs may vanish while in hospital but may reappear when the caregiver is no longer alone with the patient (Roesler Jenny, 2009). Fabricated or induced illness by caregivers. Another case of MSbP is propagated by the caregivers, who fabricate or intrude the illness in children being under their guardianship. The major task for psychologists is to determine whether the caregivers who falsify the illness in children experience a disorder of a personality (Lasher and Sheridan 2004), and are able to validate the protective concerns about the child (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005). The rate of fictional or induced sickness by carers usually varies from one country to another. For example, in the United States, an estimated number of two forms of MSbP involving a suffocation and non-accidental poisoning reported in 1996 is six hundred instances (Ayoub et al., 2002). Approximately eighteen cases are reported every year in New Zealand, about fifty instances registered in the UK, and twenty four more different countries monitor the accidences of the same syndrome (Pritchard 2004). How MSbP/ FIIC is Performed Individuals with MSbP are likely to fabricate or exaggerate the disease signs of the child in various ways. For example, they usually overstate or lie about symptoms, discrediting the reliability of the diagnostic tests by contaminating the urine or feces samples of the child in order to forge the medical records (Feurtado, 2004). Occasionally, the caregivers with MSbP may impose the symptoms of particular diseases through poisoning, starving, suffocating, or contaminating of the baby. In this case, the observed complications may signal about the behavioral or psychiatric disorders (Feurtado, 2004). It has also been discovered that the behaviour of the perpetrators sometimes involves a physical, psychological, and emotional harming of the child with the further transportation of the child to the hospital with an unexplained medical condition (Feurtado, 2004). The hospitals mostly fall victim to the fabrication whereby they pursue the unnecessary medical procedures. Pediatric study has also established that a number of the children admitted into hospital pediatric sections and emergency wards usually suffer from unexplained diseases that are consequently determined to have been instigated by their parents or caregivers through a physical, emotional, or psychological violence (Stirling, 2007: Roesler Jenny, 2009). Reasons for Engaging on MSbP or FIIC There are several theories researched to explain the causes of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy and why caregivers or mothers are engaged in it. According to Fish, Bromfield and Higgins (2005), mothers may feel that the presence of a sick child can be a factor to reunite them or bring them closer to their spouses. This reason indicates that mothers suffering from MSbP may have experienced an emotional deprivation and physical abuse from their spouses in the past (Allison Roberts, 1998). Such women in most cases feel depressedand insecure, thus direct their personal inadequacies through the offensive behavior towards the minors, which subsequently leads to a self-satisfaction and gratification of themselves. Some may also feel that invoking the illnesses in the child is a way of punishing their spouses who eventually pay the hospital bills whenever the child is hospitalized. The hospital environment also gives the mother or caregiver an opportunity to free themselves from parental responsibility at least for a while, when the medical personnel attend on the child, and gives the individuals with this disorder a chance to move around the hospital and share the experience with other parents. In this case, their sick children help them to create a connection with other mothers in the hospital, thus making them feel satisfied and full of a sense of belongingness. This reason is common for mothers who feel that they are overwhelmed by the demanding needs of their child. The caregivers, in their turn, feel that the parents of the child have neglected their parental duty, and overburden them with the responsibility. Such impression make the caregivers fabricate the illnesses of the child to get free time to relax. Schreier and Libow (1993) assert that long-awaited but absent fathers are also a major reason that lead to the manifestation of the disorder among wom en according to the clinical data in hospitals. The FIIC disorder may also develop when the mother notes that there is an increasing detachment among the father, the child, and the whole family, prompting the mother to resort to hurting her child to capture the attention of the father in order to reestablish cohesiveness in the family (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005). In addition, an absent spouse also gives the mother an ample opportunity to inflict a harm on the child that she, however, would not do in the presence of her spouse (Matthews, 2004). Symptoms of MSbP MSbP is relatively one of the most challenging psychiatric disorders to be diagnosed. This makes approximately 9% of victims of FIIC abuse perish (Feldman, 1998). According to Feurtado (2004), the symptoms of a parent or caregiver that may be suffering from MSbP include, but do not exhaust the next signs such as (1) an inconsistency between the complaints and the results of the medical tests, (2) the symptoms presented by the child that do not respond to treatment as they are supposed to, (3) illnesses that only become severe in the presence of the caregiver or parent who is the perpetrator of the abuse, (4) disease symptoms that vanish when the perpetrators is absent, and resumes when the caretaker or parent is informed that the child is recuperating, or (5) when similar symptoms are also exhibited by the siblings or other family members of the victim (Lasher, 2004: Feldman, 1998). It is worth noting that it is impossible for doctors to diagnose Munchausen syndrome by proxy during t he first observation of the patient. Therefore it is vital that the medical personnel to consider the behavioral patterns related to the syndrome, and be very attentive to the actions and reactions of the individuals for some period of time. For example, having the same child suffering from various illnesses within a short duration together with a slow response to treatment is ordinarily an indicator of a possibility of the disorder (Artingstall, 1999). Victims of MSbP also commonly exhibit the accurate symptoms of illness together with the exaggerated ones. This usually complicates the diagnosis of MSbP owing to the fact that physicians have to distinguish the real illnesses from the fabricated. Another symptom of a possibility of the factitious disorder by proxy is a strong reaction of a caregiver or parent showing a righteous indignation trait when questioned by the physician about the fabricated medical history of their child. Such parents usually become defensive and may threaten to file a lawsuit against a malpractice, or in some occasions may instigate the child to become acutely ill to prove their point (Schreier Libow, 1993). Characteristics of Parents Engaged in MSbP According to Pritchard (2004), the fictitious or induced illness is commonly provoked by women, particularly mothers that form 95 per cent of the MSbP cases. However, there have been a few cases reported to be committed by fathers, adoptive parents, or other involving care givers (Artingstall, 1999). A big disparity proves the disproportionate number of women caring about children in comparison to men (Pritchard, 2004). The common characteristics exhibited by parents or caregivers who falsify or impose an illness on children sometimes are also similar to the characteristics naturally exhibited by many parents who are not suffering from the MSbP (Lasher Sheridan, 2004). Among other distinguished characteristics, perpetrators are ordinarily the principal caregiver of a child with an intention to manipulate the people around them, especially doctors, that are supposed to be more competent in this sphere, thus giving the offender a delightful feeling of controlling theme (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005). In such a scenario, the absence of the caregiver results in a disappearance of the symptoms or illnesses. Parents with the MSbP may also have normal mental health evaluations, showing no previous engagement in the services of child protection, they may seem to be phobic, overprotective, or deluded, with an experience and deep knowledge of the health condition, and may seek publicity or consideration fr om a range of people (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005). In most cases, the caregivers and parents with this syndrome do not stop the abusive behavior once being suspected but instead change the health establishment and deny the accusations even when there are overwhelming evidences against them. Moreover, they tend to accuse their prosecutors and shift the blames against the others (Lasher Sheridan, 2004). Most of these characteristics are similar to those that a regular parent would demonstrate, thus complicating the process of diagnosis MSbP (Shannon, 2009). Legal Issues and Court Trials with the Help of Criminal Psychology There are several legal pieces of a background information that children safety practitioners need to consider while dealing with a possible case of MSbP. The cases of care and protection measures in which a child is purported to be at risk of harm from their caregivers or parents can be presented before the court using the grounds of intervention through the legislation established in each state. The grounds used must match the individual evidences in a particular case, and the suggested danger those facts present to the victim who is the subject of the application (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005). It is also imperative to differentiate the criminal trials from the child protection cases. The focus of a criminal trial is on a hearing of charges against the accused individual alleged to have committed a crime in order to prove the accusations that the person had perpetrated particular acts with a felonious intent. Child protection hearings, on the other hand, focus on determining whether the child is a victim of MSbP, and does require a protection from the perpetrator or not (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005). In such cases, the purpose of the child protection services is to evidence that a parent or caregiver has done or failed to do certain acts that have consequently made the child suffer from any kind of harm. Standards of Proof The rules of evidence presentted in the child protection cases are less strict as compared to those applied in criminal trials. The reason for this is the diverse legal aims and different standards of proof needed for a particular case (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005). To substantiate a criminal case, the prosecution must avail itself of the evidence that indicts the accused according to a standard referred as beyond reasonable doubt. On the contrary, the standard of proofs used in child protection cases, is based on the balance of probabilities (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005). For example, in Australia, the courts trying a case on a child abuse by the employing of the lower standard of proofs may consider appropriate findings from the criminal proceedings if such are available in the court hearing. However, statements related to law on a criminal trial where MSbP is mentioned as an issue, may not be applicable child protection case (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005). The criminal psychologists involved in this case must present a psychiatric report to determine if the perpetrator is truly suffering from the syndrome to validate the proof. Evidence The evidence needed to authenticate the necessity for protection according to Fish, Bromfield and Higgins (2005) are usually categorized into three wide groups: (1) direct proofs that involve what has been observed, heard and acquired, or treatment that has been felt through the intellectual analysis by the witness, (2) factual or bodily evidence that may comprise documents, videos, photographs, x rays, diaries, reports, and other relevant objects, and finally, (3) opinion evidence, which may involve a professional conclusion proceeding on the pertinent qualifications. Such individuals are the criminal psychologists and psychiatrists authorized to assess the level of disorder, and to conclude whether the child needs a protection from the authorities. Grounds for Intervention Legislation that lay grounds of the child care and protection trials in courts usually differs from state to state and from country to country. In Australian courts there are major similarities on the jurisdictions (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005). The legal child protection authorities are plenipotentiary to respond in the case, when the acts of a caregiver or parent jeopardize the well-being of the child or cause the child either emotional, social, psychological or physical harm (Shannon, 2009). The harm may comprise such acts of physical abuse as an assault, psychological abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect (Bromfield and Higgins 2005). Such cases when caregivers expose children to fabricated or induced illness are usually brought to the courts and substantiated on a direct evidence stipulating the acts which support such charges, including the opinions of an appropriately qualified expert such as the criminal psychologist that are able to provide an interpretation of the stated acts and subsequent risks the child is subjected to (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005). Defense Mechanisms in Court The perpetrators of the MSbP usually defend themselves in court in several ways. One defense mechanism entails emphasizing on the accurate symptoms of illnesses that the victims of Munchausen syndrome by proxy exhibit. Considering the amount of the exaggeration of symptoms of illness, doctors in most instances confirm the presence of the disorder. This makes the perpetrators justify their claim of medical need to their children. Moreover, this may weaken the case against them, since such mother suffering from the disorder usually present herself to the court as a very protective and more caring person. This usually complicates the diagnosis of MSbP owing to the fact that it is relatively difficult for the physicians to distinguish the real illnesses from the fabricated one (Gregory, 2003). Some of the culprits also do not have any previous records made of an engagement with the child protection service (Fish, Bromfield Higgins, 2005).This gives them a defensive point in the courts to deny all the accusations claiming that the prosecution is malicious. Occasionally, some of the perpetrators presented in the court are experienced in the medical field, and may have a solid knowledge giving them the power to challenge any accusation made against them, and even seek publicity or consideration from a range of other doctors to interpret the symptoms that are manifested by the child. Similarly, the mothers or caregivers with this syndrome often do not change their behaviors when suspected, but change the professionals and consultants instead. Treatment of Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome MSbP is a very complicated disorder to treat, and often needs a long-period therapy and support that involve a social service, child protective service, law enforcement, and a teamwork of the physicians to improve a health state of the patient (Hanon, 1991). The first step to take is to safeguard and protect any real or potential victims by placing the child under the care of another person in order to avert the further maltreatment of the sufferer (Stirling, 2007). Successful treatment of individuals with this disorder usually proves to be difficult since such people often deny that there is a problem. Equally, the success of treatment is dependent on telling the truth, which MSbP individuals do not do, but instead become the accomplished liars. The known treatment involves an administering psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy aimed at helping the individual to detect the thoughts and feelings that are causing the behavior, and teaching to develop relationships not related with being ill (Stirling, 2007). Conclusion Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome is a disorder that is extremely difficult to diagnose since it is exhibited in various forms with accurate disease symptoms, making it complicated and uneasy to detect. It involves the parent or caregiver inducing illnesses, or inflicting injuries on their children or children under their care (Gregory, 2003). This disorder is difficult to believe especially when involving real mothers, owing to the fact that it is the responsibility of the mothers to protect and ensure that their children are safe from all kinds of harm. It is, therefore, important for the good of a society and a nation to study more the reasons for such a disaster. It seems to me that MSbP can result from a state of a personal unhappiness. The factors causing that may depend or do not depend on a personal choice. Nevertheless, I am in favor of making everything possible to direct things that totally are in our power in a right place. I believe, what can help to improve this difficult situation and to prevent such anomalies in a behavior is a proper education of children and adults in a matter of a personal relationship and social communication, namely, practical psychology. Not the less important is that the perpetrators suffering from MSbP should be treated as criminals in order to discourage people from being involved in such practices, especially after the confirmation of the characteristics with the help of a criminal psychologist. More research should also be conducted on the same topic to highlight and distinguish the causes and symptoms so that they can be addressed in good time, such as the use of family psychotherapy to improve cohesiveness and to minimize depression that have been identified as the causes of MSbP (Shannon, 2009). Buy custom Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome essay